The Obesity Epidemic Of The United States Affects A Mass...

The obesity epidemic here in the United States affects a mass portion of all children and adolescents. The rapid growth in childhood obesity has become a prevalent health concern that is overlooked due to its’ normality. The main focus of this issue has always been fixated on how to help those facing current problems with obesity. Instead, attention needs to be brought to the prevention of our country’s #1 leading health concern, which has yet to be compromised. This ignorance has led millions of children ill-educated on the importance of lifestyle and the simple concept that â€Å"we are what we eat†. The reality of this issue is not one many want to take responsibility for, but the significant impact education has on what children consume is greater than we may think. The lack of effort in our education system and the simple changes in the education we provide can significantly help reduce the obesity crisis we face. Our education career is one of the most infl uential aspects of all of our lives and though most of children’s time is spent in school, it lacks teaching the importance of food, the consequences of unhealthy diets and its’ little value on health as being part of our future success. People cannot help and/or change what they don’t know; when the effects of food is not taught, preventing and changing unhealthy eating habits becomes a difficult challenge. In Robert S. Siegler’s Emerging Minds: The Process of Changing in Children’s Thinking, he explains the relationShow MoreRelatedObesity And Obesity Related Diseases Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity has become staggering in the United States. Children are considered obese if they have thirty percent amount of body fat or more and is measured by body mass index (BMI). Body mass index conveys the correlation of body weight to height. If a child’s BMI is at or exceeding over the 95th percentile, meaning if their body mass ind ex is greater than 95% of other children that are the same sex and age, they are obese. Doctor Jeffrey Levi, an executive director of the Trust for America’sRead MoreObesity Epidemic in America1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States of America is the fattest country in the world. Obesity in America has reach epidemic proportions. Obesity and weight gain has become major concern of public health in the United States. In every state, at least twenty percent of adults are obese, and in twelve of these states the obesity rate is above thirty percent. Mississippi currently holds the highest rate of obesity with 34.9 percent of its residents being obese. On the contrary, Colorado has the lowest rate of obesity withRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An American Epidemic1263 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Obesity: An American Epidemic America is facing a serious challenge! Children’s health is becoming a critical concern. Childhood obesity has become an â€Å"epidemic disease† that has rapidly grown over the years in the United States. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011 states that, â€Å"childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. In 2012, more than one- third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese†Read MoreObesity : A Health Policy Issue1153 Words   |  5 PagesPOLICY ANALYSIS PAPER OBESITY: A HEALTH POLICY ISSUE HSM 516 BY CHIKODILI FAITH OBI 913425038 SUBMITTED TO DR MEI WEN DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES OBESITY: A HEALTH POLICY ISSUE Obesity has greatly increased among adults, teenagers and children in America. Statistics has shown that about two in every three adult in America is Obese or over weight. The children and teenagers are not left out also; the obesity prevalence is three times what it was in the previous years between 1970s and 2000Read MoreObesity : Becoming A Public Concern1654 Words   |  7 Pages Executive Summary Obesity has become an epidemic in American societies that has become a public concern. According to the American Obesity Association (AOA), overweight and obesity rates are higher than ever in America’s youth. Obesity is the fastest growing cause of disease in American society today. Some of the major health concerns for today’s youth with obesity include severe asthma, Diabetes, Hypertension, orthopedic complications and sleep apnea. Researchers have come up with manyRead MoreWe Can Prevent Obesity Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesmany serious health issues today in society. A few of them are anorexia nervosa, bulimia, diabetes, and obesity. Today, obesity is one of the most popular diseases around the world. Obesity typically means having a body mass index of thirty kilograms or more. If taken in more calories than burned, it leads to being overweight, and eventually obesity. Since the 1960s, people in the United States and other industrialized countries have become he avier on average. Excess weight is the cause of more illnessRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem in Our Society Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesOverweight and obese children significantly affect the United States today, becoming a further pronounced issue. The amount of overweight adolescents and younger children sky rocketed in the past few years, and more than tripled since the 1970s. Developing overweight habits while young inhibits an individual’s chances of a healthy lifestyle later in life. In order to prevent the obesity epidemic in our country, the major causes and root problems of obesity must be explored and abolished. ObviouslyRead MoreAfter-school Programs to Fight Obesity2434 Words   |  10 Pagesmade by the First Lady, Michelle Obama, as she launches her comprehensive initiative to change the way children think about nutrition and physical fitness (â€Å"Learn the Facts,† 2010). Three decades ago, children lived active lives that kept them hea lthier. They walked to and from school, ate home cooked, reasonable portion meals with vegetables and played outdoors most of the time. Today, children ride the bus instead of walk, eat more fast food and snacks throughout the day because parents are busierRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Growing Endemic939 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood and adolescent obesity is a growing endemic in the United States. It affects more than thirty percent of children, making it the most common chronic disease of childhood. According to the research article Prevalence of Childhood and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity from 2003 to 2010 in an Integrated Health Care Delivery System by Lynn Acknerson â€Å"this number has more than tripled since 1980.† It has now become a major health issue. Today, more and more children are being diagnosed withRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Major Public Health Epidemic Essay1914 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood obesity is a major public health epidemic which has si gnificantly risen over the past three decades and there is no chance in sight of slowing it down unless real action is taken. This major health crisis continues to reduce individuals’ quality of life and has caused severe health problem like heart disease which is the leading cause of death in the United States and around the world. In most cases, obese children grow up to be an obese adult. The prevalence of childhood obesity can be

Paulo Freire’s The Banking Concept of Education Free Essays

In Paulo Freire†s ‘The â€Å"Banking† Concept of Education† the author uses several similes, metaphors and analogies to bring across his main point – the relationship between teachers and students, and the way the teaching process takes place. He feels they way students are taught isn†t as effective as it could be. The main analogy Freire uses, is that teachers â€Å"deposit† information into the students† minds, rather than actually having the students not only learn the material, but know that they know and understand the material presented. We will write a custom essay sample on Paulo Freire’s The Banking Concept of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now He brings about the fact that the majority of what students are taught does not directly involve them or their lives making the material seem almost foreign. To better relate the students to the material, he states the teachers should present the material to students in a way that they understand how it relates to them. Which is very true, considering that when people know that they need to know something that will benefit them in a way apart from taking a test, they tend to retain the information better. Furthermore he says that the teachers should not just teach, and the students should just learn, but that both teachers and students should go through the process of learning together, eliminating the gap of difference that exists between the two. Not only does this eliminate the boredom that often occurs in classrooms, but actually is motivation for students to speak out sharing what they know, which further increases their knowledge, as well as their peers. This selection by Freire could be summed up by a very fitting quote by Plutarch, â€Å"The mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be kindled.† How to cite Paulo Freire’s The Banking Concept of Education, Papers

Rhetorical Analysis Arts in Public Schools Essay Example For Students

Rhetorical Analysis Arts in Public Schools Essay Funding for the Arts in Public Schools Rhetorical Analysis The arts, although important to be accessible to school children, has become a privilege for public schools due to budget cuts. In Arts Education in Secondary Schools: Effects and Effectiveness. by John Harlan it is stressed that the arts ignite creativity that is crucial in childhood development. Likewise, in Despite White House Report Advocating Arts Education, Budget Face Cuts. By Matt Prefer, published by BBC News, the importance Of keeping the arts in pubic schools in addressed. Both articles effectively serve their purpose through a throng use Of logos. Harlan successfully Wins his audience With his use Of ethos and analogies, and Prefer has the same success through figurative language and expert testimonies. Right from the start, Harlan makes his credibility clear. He states, As an educator, a student, and a researcher , this specific use of ethos is established early on to earn the readers respect. He continues to establishes himself by stating his report was not only an accurate reflection of the children studied, but also of myself. In addition, this peer reviewed article provides the reader with an ever indulgence tot charts, statistics, and report explanations to set a clear use tot logos. Among the many charts provided, one of the most effective stand alone sets presents a side-by-side comparison of the average IQ of students who took arts courses as part of their curriculum, against those who lacked access to those courses. The chart is made very easy for the reader to comprehend and the remarkable data shows clear evidence in a larger average IQ among those who had substantial exposure to arts courses over those who hadnt. Furthermore, Harlan would take supportive statistics and flat out state them to his audience. For example he extended the data from his charts by stating, In year 10, students with exposure to the arts had 67% higher intelligence scores than those without. . Not only was clear evidence provided in this report, but a clear interpretation followed it, to make sure the audience was in complete understanding of the results. Harlan also included some data that the common American might find to be irrelevant, such as, the rate Of pay the teachers Of arts courses may receive in contrast to that of teachers of core classes (math, English, etc:), however he pieced together clever analogies so his audience could tot only relate to the information, but agree with it as well. His audience definitely had more knowledge on Harvards point of view by the end of the report. In a popular article published by BBC News, Despite White House Report Advocating Arts Education Budgets Face Cuts by Matt Prefer, it is shown how important arts education is, what it has taught past generations, and why it is important for the future of our country. Prefer begins his article why providing his audience with specific background intimation and establishing a sense tot knowledgeably towards his subject. This is followed up by straight up facts bout the budget cuts the nations public schools will face. He explains to his audience how the No Child Left Behind Law had hurt a students ability to take more arts courses in conjunction with the regular curriculum. A study found that 47% of respondents claim their art schedules were being interrupted more often As well as, the research showed arts-involved students usually perform 16 to 28 percent better than their peers Who are not involved in the arts. and also The study showed a correlation between involvement in music and proficiency in math are just a few Of his very specific examples. .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 , .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 .postImageUrl , .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 , .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15:hover , .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15:visited , .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15:active { border:0!important; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15:active , .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15 .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud16ff21463213cd378648be473a73b15:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alexander the Great EssayHis audience, who are most likely to be American parents, can definitely be intrigued by Prefers article, as it can lead them to want to make sure that arts education is accessible to their own children. To enhance the value of the statistics provided, Prefer also interviewed some key experts in this research. He provided claims made by highly credible sources. One expert testimony included, You see the American flag which is considered art. You see any piece of artwork say you see a Picasso, you know that thats Picasso because youve grown up learning about the arts ND being involved in art. This makes it clear that the absence of art would take aw ay general knowledge, Surely, the audience can feel comfort in agreeing with Pitter, but also a disease towards their childrens future. Both articles provide strong evidence towards the claims they make, They convince their audience of their take on the situation and allow the reader to walk away from the article with more knowledge than they had before. The rhetorical devices used by Harlan, and by Prefer were able to effectively lead their audience to understanding and relating to all of their evidence.

Vaginal Yeast Infection Essay Example

Vaginal Yeast Infection Essay Vaginal yeast infection (Candida Vaginalis) Vaginal yeast infection is an infection of the vagina, most commonly due to the fungus Candida albicans. Causes Most women will have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. Candida albicans is a common type of fungus. It is often present in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tract, and on the skin. Usually it does not cause disease or symptoms. Candida and the many other germs or microorganisms that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. However, when the vagina has certain favorable conditions, the number of Candida albicans increases, leading to a yeast infection. Some of these favorable conditions include:  ·Antibiotics used to treat other types of infections change the normal balance between organisms in the vagina by decreasing the number of protective bacteria.  ·Being pregnant, having diabetes, or being obese all create conditions that help yeast grow more easily. Vaginal candidiasis is not a sexually transmitted disease. However, a small number of men will develop symptoms such as itching and a rash on the penis after having sexual contact with an infected partner. Having many vaginal yeast infections may be a sign of other health problems. Other vaginal infections and discharges can be mistaken for a vaginal yeast infection. Repeat infections that occur immediately after treatment, or a yeast infection that does not respond to any treatment, may be an early sign that a person is infected with HIV. Symptoms  ·Abnormal vaginal discharge oRanges from a slightly watery, white discharge to a thick, white, chunky discharge (like cottage cheese)  ·Pain with intercourse  ·Painful urination  ·Redness and swelling of the vulva  ·Vaginal and labial itching, burning Exams and Tests A pelvic examination will be done. We will write a custom essay sample on Vaginal Yeast Infection specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vaginal Yeast Infection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vaginal Yeast Infection specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It may show swelling (inflammation) of the skin of the vulva, in the vagina, and on the cervix. The health care provider may find dry, white plaques on the vaginal wall. A small amount of the vaginal discharge is examined using a microscope (called a wet mount and KOH test). It will show Candida. Sometimes, a culture is taken when the infection does not improve with treatment or comes back many times. Your doctor may also choose to do tests to find other causes of your symptoms. Treatment Medications for vaginal yeast infections are available in either vaginal creams or suppositories. Most can be bought without a prescription. Treating yourself at home is probably okay if:  ·Your symptoms are mild and you do not have pelvic pain or a fever  ·This is not your first yeast infection and you have not had many yeast infections in the past  ·You are not pregnant  ·You are not worried about other sexually transmitted diseases from recent sexual contact If your symptoms do not get better after one course of these medicines, or they become worse, see your health care provider. If your symptoms go away, but then return over the next several weeks or months, also see your health care provider. Medications you can buy yourself to treat a vaginal yeast infection are miconazole, clotrimazole, tioconazole, and butoconazole. Read the packages carefully and use them as directed. Do not stop using these medications early because your symptoms are better. You will need a 3 7-day course, depending on which medicine you buy. A single pill of a medicine called fluconazole, prescribed by your doctor or nurse, can also treat the yeast infection. If your symptoms are more severe or you have repeat vaginal yeast infections, you may need to take a longer course of therapy, up to 14 days. Some women who continue to have repeat infections may need to take a clotrimazole vaginal suppository or one oral dose of fluconazole every week to prevent new infections. To help prevent and treat vaginal discharge:  ·Keep your genital area clean and dry. Avoid soap and rinse with water only. Sitting in a warm, but not hot bath may help your symptoms.  ·Avoid douching. Although many women feel cleaner if they douche after menstruation or intercourse, it may actually worsen vaginal discharge because it removes healthy bacteria lining the vagina that protect against infection. Eat yogurt with live cultures or take Lactobacillus acidophilus tablets when you are on antibiotics to prevent a yeast infection.  ·Use condoms to avoid catching or spreading sexually transmitted diseases.  ·Avoid using feminine hygiene sprays, fragrances, or powders in the genital area.  ·Avoid wearing extremely tight-fitting pants or shorts, which may cause irritation.  ·Wear cotton underwear or co tton-crotch pantyhose. Avoid underwear made of silk or nylon, because these materials are not very absorbant and restrict air flow. This can increase sweating in the genital area, which can cause irritation.  ·Use pads and not tampons.  ·Keep your blood sugar levels under good control if you have diabetes. Possible Complications Chronic or recurrent infections may occur if you do not get the proper treatment, you reinfect yourself, or you have an underlying medical condition. Secondary infection may occur. Intense or prolonged scratching may cause the skin of the vulva to become cracked and raw, making it more likely to get infected.

The Dangers of Prompt Dependence

The Dangers of Prompt Dependence Prompt dependence comes when a student needs a prompt in order to initiate a skill or activity. Often the skill is mastered, but prompting  is so much a part of the students expectations that they will not initiate and sometimes complete an activity without adult prompting.  Often this happens because the parent, therapist, teacher or teachers aide lays on the verbal prompting thick and consistently. Example Case of Prompt Dependency Rodney would sit and wait for Miss Eversham to tell him to start before he would begin the papers in his folder. Miss Eversham realized that Rodney had developed prompt dependency, relying on her giving verbal prompts for him to complete his folder. Dont Talk Too Much Prompting is an important part of scaffolding success with special education students, starting small and working toward more complex academic, functional or vocational skills. More often than not, children who become prompt dependent are those whose classroom aides are not always attentive to the fact that they give verbal prompts for everything. In other words, they talk too much. Too often, students get stuck on the continuum of prompts at the verbal prompt level and require the teacher to verbally direct them in order for them to complete the task or skill. Students can even be stuck at the hand over hand level some  students even need to take the teacher or aides hand and place it on their own hand before using scissors or even attempting to write with a writing utensil. Fading for Independence In each of the cases above, the problem was the failure to attend to the level of independence the child has developed and promptly fade out the prompts. If you start with hand over hand, as soon as you can loosen or relax your grasp, move toward the next level, moving your hand from the students hand to their wrist, to their elbow and then simply tapping the back of the hand. For other kinds of activities, especially for students have mastered the component parts of a larger skill (such as dressing) it is possible to begin with a higher level of prompting. It is important to avoid verbal prompting if possible.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Visual prompts are best, such as pictures of the student completing the activity, step by step. Once your student has clearly mastered the component parts, then employ gestural prompts alongside the verbal prompts, then withdraw or fade, the verbal prompts to finally leave only the gestural prompts, ending with independence. Independence should always be the goal of any educational program, and moving form prompting to independence is always the goal of an ethical and proactive teacher.   Be sure you are providing the kind of support that leads to independence.

How Maps Can Distort Space and Deceive Us

How Maps Can Distort Space and Deceive Us Maps have become increasingly present in our everyday lives, and with new technology, maps are more and more accessible to view and to produce. By considering the variety of map elements (scale, projection, symbolization), one can start to recognize the innumerable choices that mapmakers have in creating a map. Why Maps Are Distorted One map can represent a geographical area in many different ways; this reflects the various ways in which mapmakers can convey a real 3-D world on a 2-D surface. When we look at a map, we often take for granted that it inherently distorts what it is representing. In order to be readable and understandable, maps must distort reality. Mark Monmonier (1991) puts forth exactly this message: To avoid hiding critical information in a fog of detail, the map must offer a selective, incomplete view of reality. Theres no escape from the cartographic paradox: to present a useful and truthful picture, an accurate map must tell white lies (p. 1). When Monmonier asserts that all maps lie, he refers to a maps need to simplify, falsify, or conceal the realities of a 3-D world in a 2-D map. However, the lies that maps tell can range from these forgivable and necessary white lies to more serious lies, which often go undetected, and belie the agenda of the mapmakers. Below are a few samples of these lies that maps tell, and how we can look at maps with a critical eye. Projection and Scale One of the most fundamental questions in mapmaking is: how does one flatten a globe onto a 2-D surface? Map projections, which accomplish this task, inevitably distort some spatial properties, and must be chosen based on the property that the mapmaker wishes to preserve, which reflects the maps ultimate function. The Mercator Projection, for example, is the most useful for navigators because it depicts accurate distance between two points on a map, but it does not preserve area, which leads to distorted country sizes. There are also many ways in which geographic features (areas, lines, and points) are distorted. These distortions reflect a maps function and also its scale. Maps covering small areas can include more realistic details, but maps that cover larger geographic areas include less detail by necessity. Small-scale maps are still subject to a mapmakers preferences; a mapmaker may embellish a river or a stream, for example, with many more curves and bends in order to give it a more dramatic appearance. Conversely, if a map is covering a large area, mapmakers may smooth out curves along a road to allow for clarity and legibility. They may also omit roads or other details if they clutter the map, or are not relevant to its purpose. Some cities are not included in many maps, often due to their size, but sometimes based on other characteristics. Baltimore, Maryland, USA, for example, is often omitted from maps of the United States not because of its size but because of space constraints and clut tering. Transit Maps: Subways (and other transit lines) often use maps that distort geographic attributes such as distance or shape, in order to accomplish the task of telling someone how to get from Point A to Point B as clearly as possible. Subway lines, for instance, are often not as straight or angular as they appear on a map, but this design aids the readability of the map. Additionally, many other geographic features (natural sites, place markers, etc.) are omitted so that the transit lines are the primary focus. This map, therefore, may be spatially misleading, but manipulates and omits details in order to be useful to a viewer; in this way, function dictates form. Other Manipulations The above examples show that all maps by necessity change, simplify, or omit some material. But how and why are some editorial decisions made? There is a fine line between emphasizing certain details, and purposefully exaggerating others. Sometimes, a mapmakers decisions can lead to a map with misleading information that reveals a particular agenda. This is apparent in the case of maps used for advertisement purposes. A maps elements can be strategically used, and certain details can be omitted in order to depict a product or service in a positive light. Maps have also frequently been used as political tools. As Robert Edsall (2007) states, some maps†¦do not serve the traditional purposes of maps but, rather, exist as symbols themselves, much like corporate logos, communicating meaning and evoking emotional responses (p. 335). Maps, in this sense, are embedded with cultural significance, often evoking feelings of national unity and power. One of the ways that this is accomplished is by the use of strong graphical representations: bold lines and text, and evocative symbols. Another key method of imbuing a map with meaning is through the strategic use of color. Color is an important aspect of map design, but can also be used to evoke strong feelings in a viewer, even subconsciously. In chloropleth maps, for example, a strategic color gradient can imply varying intensities of a phenomenon, as opposed to simply representing data. Place Advertising: Cities, states, and countries often use maps to draw visitors to a particular place by depicting it in the best light. A coastal state, for instance, may use bright colors and attractive symbols to highlight beach areas. By accentuating the coasts attractive qualities, it attempts to entice viewers. However, other information such as roads or city-size that indicate relevant factors such accommodations or beach accessibility may be omitted, and can leave visitors misguided. Smart Map Viewing Smart readers tend to take written facts with a grain of salt; we expect newspapers to fact check their articles, and are often wary of verbal lies. Why, then, dont we apply that critical eye to maps? If particular details are left out or exaggerated on a map, or if its color pattern is particularly emotional, we must ask ourselves: what purpose does this map serve? Monmonier warns of cartophobia, or an unhealthy skepticism of maps, but encourages smart map viewers; those that are conscious of white lies and wary of bigger ones. Sources Edsall, R. M. (2007). Iconic Maps in American Political Discourse. Cartographica, 42(4), 335-347. Monmonier, Mark. (1991). How to Lie with Maps. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Take home 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Take home 3 - Essay Example Its disadvantage is that it is slow and unstable and exposes vital organs to danger. In this way, the speeds attained by those species with bipedal abilities are far below those attained by the species that essentially use all limbs. Ostriches are among the fastest of bipeds even though their speeds do not compare well with those for quadrupeds.Bipedalism evolved due to the need to to free the hands for using tools as man and other animals evolved. B) When closely studied, the fossils of both Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis show that they were bipedal. In those records, all evidence in their knees, hips and foot morphology points to their having been bipedal.When compared to a modern human foot, the footprints called Laetoli Tracks in Tanzania point to a non-opposable hallux and an arch similar to that of a human being. Another piece of evidence displayed is that of the 7 Ma cranium which has an inferior placement of the foramen magnum which suggested that it was bipedal. The tibia of these species also had right angles between the shaft and the proximal surface which are evidence of bipedalism. These earlier hominids, though, are said to have been in the early stages of bipedalism given that further evidence has pointed to their using all four limbs especially for movement. 2.A) a) Orrorintugenensiswas discovered in Tugen Hills in Kenya in 2000. It is estimated to be between 5.7 to 6.1 million years old. Orrorin was bipedal given that its lesser trochanter protruded medially. From the evidence gathered about this hominid, its primary diet must have consisted of leaves and other forms of vegetation. b) Sahelanthropustchadensiswas discovered in 2001 in the Djurab Desert of Chad and was estimated to be about 7 million years. It was bipedal given that the shape of the anteriorly placed foramen magnum bore signs of bipedalism. More evidence points to it having